Zhang (2023), American Journal of Sociology
The Changing Role of Managers
Expectations of managers shifted toward collaboration and away from supervision, especially in innovation-focused firms, and firms treating managers as collaborators had a larger share of middle managers.
Parts of the Loop it informs
Not tied to one part of the Loop. It describes the middle more broadly.
Summary written by Unfrozen from the published abstract, then checked twice against the source. Loop coding is exploratory and provisional until an independent human coder checks it. Spot an error? Email [email protected] and it gets fixed.